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Unified Energy Theory (UET)

For the advancement of human science

Summary

The Unified Energy Theory proposes that the universe is a single energy field, denoted as \( E(r,t) \), where matter, forces, and spacetime are manifestations of energy density. The theory uses the energy gradient (\( \nabla E \)) to generate an energy displacement force \( \vec{F} = m \cdot \frac{2\pi r^3}{M} \nabla E \), causing objects to move from regions of high potential energy to regions of low potential energy, explaining physical phenomena from gravity and quantum mechanics to cosmic expansion driven by dark energy. This theory provides a simple yet comprehensive framework to unify physical phenomena across all scales, from microscopic to macroscopic. The paper presents the mathematical foundation, illustrative examples, testable predictions, and invites the scientific community to contribute to refining the theory.

I. Core Concepts

1. Unified Energy Field

Our observable universe is a small universe within an infinite ocean of energy in the larger universe – the unified energy field \( E(r,t) \). In this energy ocean, countless small universes form as condensed energy regions, where the density \( E(r,t) \) fluctuates and creates physical structures. Visualization: In the boundless energy field of the larger universe, special energy regions ripple and coalesce into small universes, and within each small universe, energy wells form the observable universe as we see it today, governed by the principle of minimum energy.

\[ \text{Universe} = E(r,t) \]

The energy density \( E(r,t) \) varies with position (\( r \)) and time (\( t \)), creating energy gradients (\( \nabla E \)) – the primary cause of all motion and interactions in the universe. The field \( E \) is not only a physical foundation but also a philosophical concept, viewing energy as the core essence of reality.

Visualizing the Small Universe

Each small universe, including our observable universe, originates from a singular energy point within the energy region of the larger universe – the unified energy field \( E(r,t) \). At this singular point, the energy density \( E(r,t) \) reaches a maximum, containing the entire potential of the small universe in a highly condensed state. Similar to the Big Bang as observed today, this singular point undergoes a sudden state transition, releasing energy and expanding to form spacetime, matter, and cosmic structures. This expansion creates energy gradients (\( \nabla E \)), driving the condensation of energy into fundamental particles, stars, planets, and galaxies, following the principle of minimum energy.

During expansion, energy in the field \( E(r,t) \) begins to condense in certain regions due to internal interactions, leading to the formation of matter as we observe it today. Particles, stars, planets, and galaxies are regions of higher energy density within the unified energy field. This process can be described as a transition from a homogeneous energy state to localized states, where \( E(r,t) \) creates physical structures through energy differences.

Philosophically, the Unified Energy Theory views the process from the singular point to the observable small universe as an expression of energy evolution. Everything in the universe – from matter and forces to spacetime – is different states of the energy field \( E(r,t) \), demonstrating the unity of reality.

Abstractly, imagine our observable small universe as the chaotic scene of a crime, where energy is the primary culprit. Every structure, motion, and interaction – from fundamental particles to galaxies – originates from the displacement and condensation of energy in the unified energy field.

In summary: Energy is the core essence of the small universe, originating from the initial singular point and governing all physical phenomena. The Unified Energy Theory redefines reality through the lens of the energy field \( E(r,t) \), where all motion, interactions, and structures are manifestations of energy displacement and distribution, offering a unified, profound perspective on the nature of the universe.

2. Unification of Matter, Forces, and Spacetime

This theory encapsulates three major physical concepts into one:

  • Matter: Is compressed energy, as in \( E = mc^2 \). An apple or a star is condensed energy.
  • Forces: Are energy displacements, described by \( \vec{F} = m \cdot \frac{2\pi r^3}{M} \nabla E \). Gravity, electromagnetism, or nuclear forces all arise from energy gradients.
  • Spacetime: Is not a separate "stage" but the shape of the energy field \( E \), curved by the distribution of energy.

Example: When you drop a ball, it falls to the ground because potential energy decreases from a high region (in the air) to a low region (near the ground) in the field \( E \). This is how the theory explains all motion simply and uniformly.

3. Principle of Minimum Energy

Everything in the universe seeks to reach the state of lowest potential energy – like water flowing to the lowest point. This is described by:

\[ \Delta E_p = E_{p,\text{final}} - E_{p,\text{initial}} < 0 \]

A falling leaf, an orbiting planet, or an electron jumping orbits – all follow this principle. It is the "compass" guiding all phenomena, from microscopic to macroscopic.

4. Energy Well

Each massive object creates an energy well in the field \( E \), where energy density decreases with distance from the object, creating an energy gradient that causes other objects to move inward to reach the lowest potential energy state. Energy wells explain gravity through the energy displacement force without needing separate concepts of force or spacetime curvature.

\[ E(r,t) = \frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4} + E_0(t) \]

Energy gradient:

\[ \nabla E = -\frac{G M^2}{2\pi r^5} \hat{r} \]

Where: \( M \) is the object's mass, \( G \approx 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \) is the gravitational constant, \( r \) is the distance, \( E_0(t) \) is the cosmic background energy, and \( \hat{r} \) is the radial unit vector.

Example:

  • Earth: With \( M = 5.972 \times 10^{24} \, \text{kg} \), Earth creates a large energy well, causing an apple (\( m = 0.2 \, \text{kg} \)) to fall from a high potential energy region (above) to a low potential energy region (near the ground) with an energy displacement force \( \vec{F} \approx 1.962 \, \text{N} \).
  • Apple: Creates a small energy well with a negligible gradient, not affecting other objects.

Visualization: The field \( E \) is like a soft mattress. Earth is a bowling ball creating a deep well, while an apple is a marble creating a shallow one. Objects slide into deeper wells to reach lower potential energy states due to the energy displacement force, illustrating the principle of minimum energy.

II. Mathematical Model

The mathematical model of the Unified Energy Theory is based on the energy field \( E(r,t) \), using equations to describe the distribution and displacement of energy, explaining all physical phenomena from macroscopic to microscopic scales. The formulas are designed to be simple yet rigorous, allowing experimental verification.

1. Energy Density
\[ E(r,t) = \frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4} + E_0(t) \]

Definition:

  • \( E(r,t) \): Energy density at position \( r \) and time \( t \), in \(\text{J/m}^3\).
  • \( M \): Mass of the object, e.g., \( M_{\text{Earth}} = 5.972 \times 10^{24} \, \text{kg} \).
  • \( r \): Distance from the object's center, e.g., Earth's radius \( r \approx 6.371 \times 10^6 \, \text{m} \).
  • \( G \approx 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \): Gravitational constant.
  • \( E_0(t) \): Cosmic background energy density, including dark energy (~68%), dark matter (~27%), and ordinary matter (~5%). Estimated from WMAP/Planck: \( E_0(t) \approx 8.47 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \).

Significance: This formula describes the uneven distribution of energy in space. The term \(\frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4}\) shows that energy density decreases rapidly with \( r \), explaining why objects move toward regions of lower potential energy. \( E_0(t) \) reflects the background energy driving cosmic expansion.

Example: Energy density at Earth's surface

Substituting values:

  • \( M = 5.972 \times 10^{24} \, \text{kg} \).
  • \( r = 6.371 \times 10^6 \, \text{m} \).
  • \( G = 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \).
  • \( E_0(t) = 8.47 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \).
\[ \frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4} = \frac{(6.674 \times 10^{-11}) \times (5.972 \times 10^{24})^2}{8 \times 3.14159 \times (6.371 \times 10^6)^4} \approx 5.747 \times 10^{10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \]
\[ E(r,t) \approx 5.747 \times 10^{10} + 8.47 \times 10^{-10} \approx 5.747 \times 10^{10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \]

Conclusion: The background energy \( E_0(t) \) is negligible compared to \(\frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4}\), proving that the motion of objects near Earth is primarily governed by Earth's energy well, causing objects to move to regions of lower potential energy.

2. Energy Displacement Force
\[ \vec{F} = m \cdot \frac{2\pi r^3}{M} \nabla E \]
\[ \nabla E = -\frac{G M^2}{2\pi r^5} \hat{r} \]

Simplified formula:

\[ \vec{F} = -\frac{G M m}{r^2} \hat{r} \]

Definition:

  • \( \vec{F} \): Energy displacement force acting on an object of mass \( m \), in Newtons (N).
  • \( \nabla E \): Energy gradient, in \(\text{J/m}^4 = \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^{-3} \text{s}^{-2}\), representing the spatial change in energy density.
  • \( G \): Gravitational constant, \( G \approx 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \).
  • \( \hat{r} \): Radial unit vector away from the object's center.
  • \( M \): Mass of the object creating the energy field.
  • \( r \): Distance from the object's center.

Significance: The energy displacement force results from the energy gradient in the field \( E \), causing objects to move from high to low potential energy regions, like water flowing from high to low ground. This formula unifies forces like gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces, all as manifestations of energy displacement due to \( \nabla E \). For example, an apple falls to the ground because potential energy decreases from a high region (on the tree) to a low region (near the ground) in the field \( E \), creating the energy displacement force.

Example: Energy displacement force on an apple

Consider an apple with \( m = 0.2 \, \text{kg} \):

\[ \nabla E = -\frac{(6.674 \times 10^{-11}) \times (5.972 \times 10^{24})^2}{2 \times 3.14159 \times (6.371 \times 10^6)^5} \hat{r} \approx -2.245 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^{-3} \text{s}^{-2} \cdot \hat{r} \]
\[ \vec{F} = 0.2 \cdot \frac{2 \times 3.14159 \times (6.371 \times 10^6)^3}{5.972 \times 10^{24}} \cdot \left( -2.245 \times 10^{-3} \right) \hat{r} \approx -1.962 \, \text{N} \cdot \hat{r} \]

Conclusion: The energy displacement force of 1.962 N points toward Earth's center, causing the apple to move from a high potential energy region (on the tree) to a low potential energy region (near the ground), consistent with real-world observations, validating the theory's accuracy.

III. What is Energy? Explanation According to the Unified Energy Theory

Energy is the sole essence of the universe in the Unified Energy Theory. Below are its definition, manifestations, and illustrative examples.

  1. Definition of Energy

    In the Unified Energy Theory, energy is the fundamental entity, not just the capacity to do work but the essence of all phenomena. Matter (\( E = mc^2 \)), light (\( E = h\nu \)), and the energy displacement force (\( \vec{F} = m \cdot \frac{2\pi r^3}{M} \nabla E \)) are all states of the field \( E \).

    Visualization: The universe is like an ocean of energy, with particles as compressed waves, photons as propagating waves, and the energy displacement force as the flow of energy.

  2. Forms of Energy

    Traditional forms of energy (kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, light) are all manifestations of the field \( E \). Core formula:

    \[ E(r,t) = \frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4} + E_0(t) \text{ (gravitational)} \]
    \[ E(r) = \frac{k_e q_1^2}{8\pi r^4} \text{ (electromagnetic)} \]

    These are unified as distributions and displacements of energy in the field \( E \).

  3. Illustrative Examples

    a. Electron in a hydrogen atom:

    \[ E(r) = \frac{k_e e^2}{8\pi r^4} \]

    The electron is in a low potential energy state, oscillating in the energy well created by the proton.

    b. Red light photon:

    \[ E = h \nu \approx 1.86 \, \text{eV} \text{ (} \nu = 4.5 \times 10^{14} \, \text{Hz} \text{)} \]

    A photon is energy propagating in the field \( E \).

    c. Fission reaction:

    \[ E = \Delta m c^2 \approx 933 \, \text{MeV} \text{ (} \Delta m = 1 \, \text{u} \text{)} \]

    Conversion of matter to energy, illustrating the unity of \( E \).

IV. Explaining Physical Phenomena with the Unified Energy Theory

  1. Gravity
  2. Electromagnetic Waves and Light
  3. Electric Current
  4. Quantum Mechanics
  5. Everything is Always in Motion

V. Testable Predictions

The Unified Energy Theory (UET) proposes specific, testable predictions that reflect the core essence of the theory: all physical phenomena are manifestations of energy transfer within the energy field \( E(r,t) \), driven by the energy gradient \( \nabla E \) and the principle of minimum energy. These predictions emphasize the role of the background energy \( E_0(t) \), the energy displacement force \( \vec{F} = m \cdot \frac{2\pi r^3}{M} \nabla E \), and the unification of forces and phenomena from microscopic to macroscopic scales. The predictions are designed to distinguish UET from General Relativity (GR), Quantum Mechanics (QM), and the Standard Model (SM).

1. Orbital Deviation due to Energy Well

According to UET, objects move within energy wells created by \( \nabla E \), from regions of high potential energy to regions of low potential energy. The background energy \( E_0(t) \) causes a slight deviation in the orbits of objects compared to GR predictions, as \( E_0(t) \) affects the local energy gradient.

Quantitative Prediction: The orbit of GPS satellites at low altitudes (approximately 20,000 km) deviates by about 0.015% compared to GR, corresponding to the influence of \( E_0(t) \approx 8.47 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \) on \( \nabla E \).

Verification: Use atomic clocks on GPS satellites to measure time dilation and orbital paths, comparing with GR predictions.

Under investigation

2. Accelerated Cosmic Expansion

The background energy \( E_0(t) \) within the field \( E(r,t) \) drives the accelerated expansion of the universe. UET predicts a slight deviation in the Hubble constant \( H_0 \) compared to the Lambda-CDM model due to temporal fluctuations in \( E_0(t) \), reflecting the dynamic nature of the energy field.

Quantitative Prediction: \( H_0 \approx 70.8 \pm 0.2 \, \text{km/s/Mpc} \), 1% higher than the Planck value (70 km/s/Mpc), due to fluctuations in \( E_0(t) \).

Verification: Observations of redshift from the James Webb Telescope and DESI (2025–2026) to determine \( H_0 \).

Promising

3. Quantum Interactions and Potential Energy

In the Compton effect, \( \nabla E \) governs the transfer of potential energy between a photon and an electron. UET predicts a small deviation in the scattered wavelength due to local fluctuations in \( E(r,t) \), reflecting the unified nature of electromagnetic forces within the energy field.

Quantitative Prediction: The scattered wavelength of a photon (energy 100 keV) deviates by 0.002% compared to the Compton formula, due to the influence of \( E(r,t) \) fluctuations.

Verification: Photon-electron scattering experiments at facilities like SLAC or CERN, using high-precision spectrometers.

Under investigation

4. Black Hole Behavior and Energy Gradient

Black holes create extremely deep energy wells in \( E(r,t) \), with \( \nabla E \) increasing sharply near the event horizon. UET predicts a slight deviation in gravitational lensing effects compared to GR due to the influence of \( E_0(t) \) on the energy field structure.

Quantitative Prediction: The gravitational lensing angle around supermassive black holes (e.g., M87* or Sgr A*) is 0.008% higher than GR predictions, due to \( E_0(t) \) altering \( \nabla E \).

Verification: Observations of black hole images via the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) and comparison with GR simulations.

Under investigation

5. Formation of Cosmic Structures

Galaxies and large-scale cosmic structures form in regions of low potential energy in \( E(r,t) \), driven by the energy displacement force that promotes energy condensation. UET predicts a slight deviation in galaxy distribution compared to the Lambda-CDM model due to fluctuations in \( E_0(t) \).

Quantitative Prediction: Galaxy density on large scales deviates by 0.012% from the Lambda-CDM model, due to \( E_0(t) \) fluctuations affecting \( \nabla E \).

Verification: Analysis of data from the Hubble, James Webb telescopes, and cosmological simulations (2025–2026).

Under investigation

6. Quantum Entanglement and Energy Interactions

Quantum entanglement results from instantaneous energy interactions within \( E(r,t) \), with \( \nabla E \) maintaining correlations between particles. UET predicts faster entanglement interaction times compared to QM in high-energy environments, due to the non-local nature of \( E(r,t) \).

Quantitative Prediction: Entanglement correlation between two photons increases by 0.003% in high-energy environments (near black holes), due to \( \nabla E \) transmitting energy instantaneously.

Verification: Photon entanglement experiments at astronomical observatories or quantum laboratories, such as those at CERN.

Not yet tested

7. High-Temperature Superconductivity

In UET, superconductivity results from electrons moving in regions of extremely low potential energy in \( E(r,t) \), where \( \nabla E \approx 0 \), leading to zero electrical resistance. UET predicts the existence of superconducting materials at higher temperatures than QM predictions, due to local fluctuations in \( E(r,t) \).

Quantitative Prediction: New superconducting materials have a critical temperature 10 K higher than QM predictions (around 150 K), due to \( E(r,t) \) creating lower potential energy conditions.

Verification: Superconductor material experiments at laboratories like MIT or CERN.

Not yet tested

8. Artificial Gravity for Spacecraft

According to the Unified Energy Theory (UET), gravity is the result of an energy displacement force caused by the energy gradient \( \nabla E \) in the field \( E(r,t) \). By creating an artificial energy gradient inside a spacecraft, using devices that control energy density (such as strong electromagnetic fields or special materials), we can generate an energy displacement force that simulates natural gravity. This could enable future spacecraft to maintain a stable gravitational environment during space travel, minimizing the adverse effects of weightlessness on astronauts.

Quantitative Prediction: With technology controlling \( E(r,t) \) at an artificial energy density level of approximately \( 10^{12} \, \text{J/m}^3 \), it is possible to generate an energy displacement force equivalent to an acceleration of 9.81 m/s² across the spacecraft's floor area, with a deviation of less than 0.01% compared to Earth's gravity.

Verification: Initial experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) or a test spacecraft, using energy field-generating devices to measure the force exerted on objects and astronauts, comparing the results with the UET model.

Unverified

VI. Contributing to the Unified Energy Theory

I am Trinh Manh Ngoc, a physics researcher from Vietnam, driven by a passionate desire to contribute to human science. I introduced the Unified Energy Theory on June 8, 2025. This theory is not my effort alone but a shared journey of discovery with the global scientific community. I welcome all feedback, research, or proposals to refine this theory. Please send your contributions via the email below.

References