Gravity

In the Unified Energy Theory (UET), gravity is not considered a distinct force or spacetime curvature but a manifestation of energy displacement within the unified energy field \( E(r,t) \). Gravity arises when a massive object creates an energy well, with the energy gradient \( \nabla E \) generating a displacement force, causing objects to move from regions of high potential energy (far from the massive object) to regions of low potential energy (near the massive object), following the principle of minimum energy.

1. Gravity as an Energy Displacement Force

According to UET, the universe is a single energy field \( E(r,t) \). A massive object with mass \( M \) creates an energy well with energy density:

\[ E(r,t) = \frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4} + E_0(t) \]

Where:

\( G = 6.674 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \) is the gravitational constant,
\( M \) is the mass of the object,
\( r \) is the distance from the object's center,
\( E_0(t) \approx 8.47 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \) is the cosmic background energy.

The energy gradient is given by:

\[ \nabla E = -\frac{G M^2}{2\pi r^5} \hat{r} \]

The energy displacement force acting on an object with mass \( m \):

\[ \vec{F} = m \cdot \frac{2\pi r^3}{M} \nabla E = -\frac{G M m}{r^2} \hat{r} \]

This force is equivalent to Newton's gravitational force but is explained as the displacement of energy from a high potential energy region to a low potential energy region.

2. Principle of Minimum Energy

All phenomena, including gravity, follow the principle of minimum energy, meaning objects move to achieve the lowest potential energy state:

\[ \Delta E_p = E_{p,\text{final}} - E_{p,\text{initial}} < 0 \]

For example, an object falls from a high altitude (high potential energy) to near Earth's surface (low potential energy) due to the energy gradient \( \nabla E \).

3. Example: A Falling Apple

Consider an apple with mass \( m = 0.2 \, \text{kg} \) falling from a height of 5 m near Earth's surface (\( M = 5.972 \times 10^{24} \, \text{kg} \), \( r \approx 6.371 \times 10^6 \, \text{m} \)). The potential energy at a height of 5 m:

\[ E_p = m g h \approx 0.2 \times 9.81 \times 5 \approx 9.81 \, \text{J} \]

When it reaches the surface (\( h = 0 \)), the potential energy drops to 0. The energy density at Earth's surface:

\[ E(r,t) \approx \frac{(6.674 \times 10^{-11}) \times (5.972 \times 10^{24})^2}{8 \times 3.14159 \times (6.371 \times 10^6)^4} \approx 5.747 \times 10^{10} \, \text{J/m}^3 \]

The energy gradient:

\[ \nabla E \approx -2.245 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^{-3} \text{s}^{-2} \cdot \hat{r} \]

The energy displacement force:

\[ \vec{F} \approx -1.962 \, \text{N} \cdot \hat{r} \]

This force is equivalent to the gravitational force (\( F = m g \), with \( g \approx 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 \)), causing the apple to move from a high potential energy region (above) to a low potential energy region (near Earth's surface).

4. Comparison with Traditional Physics

In traditional physics:

Newton: Gravity is the attractive force between two objects: \( F = \frac{G M m}{r^2} \).
General Relativity: Gravity is the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

In UET, gravity is an energy displacement force due to the gradient \( \nabla E \), causing objects to move from high to low potential energy regions, unifying it with phenomena like light or electric current in the field \( E(r,t) \).

5. Gravity on a Cosmic Scale

On a large scale, the energy well created by celestial bodies (e.g., the Sun, \( M_{\odot} = 1.989 \times 10^{30} \, \text{kg} \)) generates a displacement force, keeping Earth in orbit from a high to a low potential energy region:

\[ \vec{F} = -\frac{G M_{\odot} m}{r^2} \hat{r} \]

The background energy \( E_0(t) \) explains cosmic expansion, with the Hubble constant \( H_0 \approx 70.5 \, \text{km/s/Mpc} \).

6. Conclusion

According to UET, gravity is an energy displacement force due to the gradient \( \nabla E \) in the field \( E(r,t) \), causing objects to move from high potential energy to low potential energy regions. Key features:

Energy well: Created by mass, with \( E(r,t) = \frac{G M^2}{8\pi r^4} + E_0(t) \).
Displacement force: \( \vec{F} = -\frac{G M m}{r^2} \hat{r} \), equivalent to Newton's force, causing objects to move to low potential energy regions.
Principle of minimum energy: Guides all motion to achieve the lowest potential energy state.
Unification: Links gravity with light, electric current, and other phenomena in a single energy framework.

UET provides a unified approach, viewing gravity as part of the core energy essence of the universe.