Unified Energy Theory (UET)

1. Electromagnetic Spectrum in UET

Electromagnetic waves are oscillations in the field \( E(r,t) \), classified by frequency (\( \nu \)) or wavelength (\( \lambda \)). In UET, higher frequencies correspond to higher potential energy of photons (\( E_p = h\nu \)), and a stronger energy gradient \( \nabla E \), leading to more intense interactions with matter. Below is the electromagnetic spectrum:

• Radio Waves (~3 Hz–300 MHz, ~100 km–1 m): Long oscillations, low potential energy (\( E_p \approx 10^{-26}–10^{-19} \, \text{J} \)). Weak \( \nabla E \), suitable for long-distance propagation.
• Microwaves (~300 MHz–300 GHz, ~1 m–1 mm): Medium potential energy (\( E_p \approx 10^{-19}–10^{-16} \, \text{J} \)). \( \nabla E \) drives energy transfer into heat.
• Infrared (~300 GHz–430 THz, ~1 mm–700 nm): Potential energy \( E_p \approx 10^{-16}–10^{-19} \, \text{J} \). Oscillations in \( E(r,t) \) transfer potential energy into heat.
• Visible Light (~430–750 THz, ~700–380 nm): Potential energy \( E_p \approx 10^{-19}–10^{-18} \, \text{J} \). Photons are compressed energy points, moving according to \( \nabla E \).
• Ultraviolet (UV) (~750 THz–30 PHz, ~380–10 nm): Potential energy \( E_p \approx 10^{-18}–10^{-16} \, \text{J} \). Strong \( \nabla E \), exciting electrons.
• X-rays (~30 PHz–30 EHz, ~10–0.01 nm): Potential energy \( E_p \approx 10^{-16}–10^{-14} \, \text{J} \). Strong oscillations in \( E(r,t) \).
• Gamma Rays (>30 EHz, <0.01 nm): Highest potential energy (\( E_p \approx 10^{-14}–10^{-12} \, \text{J} \)). Extremely strong oscillations in \( E(r,t) \).

2. Nature of Electromagnetic Waves in UET

Electromagnetic waves are simultaneous oscillations of the electric field \( \mathcal{E} \) and magnetic field \( \mathcal{B} \) within the field \( E(r,t) \), propagating at the speed of light:

Where \( \epsilon_0 \approx 8.854 \times 10^{-12} \, \text{F/m} \) (permittivity of free space), \( \mu_0 \approx 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \, \text{H/m} \) (permeability of free space). In UET, this speed results from energy oscillations in \( E(r,t) \), with the energy gradient \( \nabla E \) determining the direction of propagation from high to low potential energy regions.

In material media, the wave speed decreases due to interactions with electrons, increasing the energy density in \( E(r,t) \):

For example, in water (\( \epsilon_r \approx 80 \), \( \mu_r \approx 1 \), refractive index \( n \approx 1.33 \)), the speed of light decreases: \( v \approx 2.25 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \). In UET, this reduction is due to an increased \( \nabla E \), causing photons to transition to a lower potential energy state.

3. Light: Compressed Energy Points in UET

Visible light (380–760 nm) consists of oscillations in \( E(r,t) \), with photons as compressed energy points carrying potential energy \( E_p = h\nu \). According to UET, photons move from regions of high potential energy (e.g., the Sun’s emission source) to regions of low potential energy (e.g., the human eye or a surface), driven by the energy gradient:

Where \( k_e \approx 8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N·m}^2/\text{C}^2 \), \( q \) is the charge (e.g., electron), \( r \) is the distance, and \( \hat{r} \) is the unit vector. \( \nabla E \) causes photons to move in the direction of decreasing potential energy, adhering to the principle of minimum energy.

4. Potential Energy and Energy Gradient in Light

In UET, the potential energy of a photon is determined by:

Where \( h \approx 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{J·s} \), \( \nu \) is the frequency. The potential energy \( E_p \) increases with frequency, with gamma rays (\( E_p \approx 10^{-14} \, \text{J} \)) having higher potential energy than radio waves (\( E_p \approx 10^{-26} \, \text{J} \)). The energy gradient \( \nabla E \) governs photon propagation and interaction:

Main interactions:

• Reflection: Photons bounce back when \( \nabla E \) is insufficient to excite electrons, preserving \( E_p \). Example: a mirror reflecting visible light.
• Absorption: Photons transfer \( E_p \) into heat or electron kinetic energy. Example: infrared photons heating a surface.
• Emission: Electrons transition from a high potential energy state (\( E_{p,\text{high}} \)) to a low state (\( E_{p,\text{low}} \)), emitting a photon with \( \Delta E_p = h\nu \). In UET, \( \nabla E \) governs this process.

Example: In the photoelectric effect, a violet photon (\( \nu \approx 750 \, \text{THz} \), \( E_p \approx 4.97 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J} \)) excites an electron to escape from a metal (\( W = 2 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J} \)), with kinetic energy \( E_k = E_p - W \approx 2.97 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J} \). \( \nabla E \) ensures efficient potential energy transfer.

5. Conclusion

In UET, electromagnetic waves and light are energy oscillations in the field \( E(r,t) \), with photons as compressed energy points carrying potential energy \( E_p = h\nu \). The energy gradient \( \nabla E \) governs photon propagation and interactions, from high to low potential energy regions, adhering to the principle of minimum energy. This approach provides a unified and simplified perspective on the nature of light and electromagnetic waves in the universe.